Whilst wells in rural India are now more accessible than they were 20 years ago, it is still not unusual to see women carrying water in a metal pail balanced on their heads.
Children, too, are tasked with walking in heat of up to 40 °C to fetch water in this way – sometimes they are as young as seven years old.
These typical water-carrying methods, however, bring with them physical loading that has the potential to cause injury, lead to musculoskeletal disorders, such as neck or back pain, and risk disability.
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